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Month: August 2024

TB871: “Anything said is said by an observer”: Humberto Maturana’s impact on Systems Thinking

Posted on by Doug Belshaw

Note: this is a post reflecting on one of the modules of my MSc in Systems Thinking in Practice. You can see all of the related posts in this category. 

Abstract, futuristic depiction of a self-organising system featuring a complex, interconnected web of light and energy. The structure appears to be in motion, with pulsating lights and shifting forms, set against a dark, infinite background. Bright whites and neon blues dominate the image, creating a sense of sophistication and intricacy, symbolising continuous regeneration and adaptation.

Humberto Maturana (1928-2021) was a Chilean biologist, renowned for his groundbreaking contributions to systems thinking. His theories on autopoiesis and cognition, deeply rooted in his biological background, have reshaped our understanding of living systems and their interactions. Maturana’s famous assertion that “anything said is said by an observer” encapsulates his focus on the role of the observer in constructing reality, a concept that has profoundly influenced various fields, including cybernetics, organisational theory, and education.

Autopoiesis: the self-creating system

Maturana’s concept of autopoiesis, developed with Francisco Varela, represents a fundamental shift in how living systems are understood. Autopoiesis, meaning “self-creation,” describes the process by which living systems produce and maintain themselves. Maturana and Varela defined an autopoietic system as:

[A] network of processes of production (transformation and destruction) of components that produces the components which: (i) through their interactions and transformations continuously regenerate and realise the network of processes (relations) that produced them; and (ii) constitute it as a concrete unity in the space in which they exist by specifying the topological domain of its realisation as such a network. (Maturana and Varela, 1980, p. 78).

This idea challenged the traditional view that systems could be understood merely by analysing their parts. Instead, Maturana emphasised that living systems are defined by their self-sustaining processes. This perspective has had a significant impact on systems thinking, particularly in how we approach the analysis and design of systems, whether biological, social, or organisational.

In systems thinking, autopoiesis underscores the importance of understanding how a system sustains itself. This insight has influenced fields such as organisational theory, where organisations are now often viewed as autopoietic systems that must continuously create and recreate their structures and processes to survive and adapt.

Cognition as a biological phenomenon

Maturana’s theory of cognition further illustrates his influence on systems thinking. He proposed that “living systems are cognitive systems, and living as a process is a process of cognition” (Maturana and Varela, 1980, p. 13). This theory redefines cognition, not as a mere function of the brain, but as an inherent property of all living systems.

Maturana’s assertion that “anything said is said by an observer” highlights the active role of the observer in the process of cognition. He argued that cognition involves the interaction between an organism and its environment, where the observer brings forth a world by specifying a domain of interactions (Maturana, 1988, p. 37). This concept has profound implications for systems thinking, particularly in understanding how systems interact with their environments and how knowledge is constructed.

In organisational learning, for instance, Maturana’s ideas have shifted the focus from the passive acquisition of information to the active, embodied process of learning as interaction and adaptation. This perspective has also influenced second-order cybernetics, where the role of the observer in constructing reality is a central theme.

Impact on Systems Thinking

Maturana’s biological theories have transformed how systems are conceptualised in various fields. His work has encouraged a shift from viewing systems as static entities to understanding them as dynamic, self-sustaining processes. This has important implications for addressing complex systems, suggesting that solutions must focus on the processes that sustain the system rather than just its outcomes.

In organisational theory, Maturana’s influence is seen in the understanding that organisations, like living organisms, must continuously adapt and evolve. This approach to organisational change emphasises the need to support the processes that enable adaptation, rather than imposing external changes that may not align with the system’s self-sustaining nature.

Maturana’s ideas have also made a significant impact on education, where they have contributed to more holistic approaches to learning. By viewing learners as autopoietic systems, educators are encouraged to focus on nurturing the processes that support self-directed learning and adaptation.

Critiques and responses

While Maturana’s theories have been widely influential, they have not been without criticism. Some scholars argue that the concept of autopoiesis is too narrowly focused on biological systems and may not be fully applicable to social or artificial systems. Others question whether cognition, as defined by Maturana, can be considered a universal characteristic of all living systems.

Maturana addressed these critiques by clarifying that autopoiesis is primarily a descriptive tool for understanding living systems. He emphasised that the concept was developed to highlight the unique characteristics of life, particularly its self-sustaining nature, rather than to serve as a universal framework for all types of systems (Maturana, 2002).

Continuing relevance and legacy

Maturana’s ideas continue to be relevant in systems thinking, especially in the study of complex, adaptive systems. His emphasis on self-organisation and the role of the observer has influenced a wide range of fields, from organisational development to environmental management. As researchers and practitioners continue to explore the nature of complexity and adaptation, Maturana’s work offers valuable insights into the processes that sustain life and organisation.

Maturana’s legacy in systems thinking is enduring, challenging traditional views and opening new avenues for understanding the complexity of living systems. His work remains a vital source of insight and inspiration, particularly in addressing the challenges of adapting and sustaining systems in an ever-changing world.

References

  • Maturana, H.R. and Varela, F.J., 1980. Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living. D. Reidel Publishing Company.
  • Maturana, H.R., 1988. ‘Reality: The Search for Objectivity or the Quest for a Compelling Argument’, Irish Journal of Psychology, 9(1), pp. 25-82.
  • Maturana, H.R., 2002. ‘Autopoiesis, Structural Coupling and Cognition: What Makes Us Human?’, Cybernetics & Human Knowing, 9(3-4), pp. 5-17.
  • Ramage, M. and Shipp, K., 2020. Systems Thinkers. 2nd ed. The Open University/Springer.

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TB871: “Objectivity is the delusion that observations could be made without an observer”: the life and work of Heinz von Foerster

Posted on by Doug Belshaw

Note: this is a post reflecting on one of the modules of my MSc in Systems Thinking in Practice. You can see all of the related posts in this category. 

A surrealist cityscape featuring whimsical, flowing buildings that merge organic forms with mechanical structures. At the center of the scene is a large, all-seeing eye embedded within the architecture, symbolizing the observer's role in constructing reality. The image is bathed in soft, warm twilight hues of deep purple, orange, and gold, creating an otherworldly atmosphere that evokes curiosity and introspection.

Heinz von Foerster (1911–2002) was a seminal figure in the development of second-order cybernetics and a staunch advocate of constructivist epistemology. His work challenged traditional views of knowledge and reality, placing the observer at the center of the systems they engage with, rather than as an external, objective viewer. This shift in perspective has had a profound impact on systems thinking, emphasizing the role of human agency in shaping the realities we encounter.

Constructivism and second-order cybernetics

Von Foerster’s most enduring contribution to systems thinking is his development of second-order cybernetics, which focuses on the role of the observer within a system. Unlike first-order cybernetics, which views systems as separate from the observer, second-order cybernetics recognizes that the observer is an integral part of the system. Von Foerster famously stated, “The observer must be included in the description of that which they observe”​. This insight was revolutionary, as it acknowledged that any observation is inherently influenced by the observer’s perspectives, biases, and intentions.

Central to von Foerster’s philosophy was his constructivist view of knowledge, which asserts that reality is not discovered but constructed by individuals through their interactions with the world. He encapsulated this view by declaring, “Reality is a construct of those who believe in it”​. This idea challenges the notion of an objective, external reality, suggesting instead that what we consider to be real is shaped by our experiences, perceptions, and social interactions.

Von Foerster extended this constructivist approach to communication and interaction, emphasizing the active role of individuals in creating meaning. He articulated this in his principle that “anything said is said by an observer” and “anything said is said to an observer”​. These statements underscore the idea that communication is a dynamic process involving both the speaker and the listener, each of whom plays a role in constructing the meaning of the message.

Ethics and human agency

Von Foerster was also deeply concerned with the ethical implications of his constructivist and cybernetic views. He introduced the concept of the “ethical imperative,” which he phrased as, “Act always so as to increase the number of choices”​. This principle reflects his belief in the importance of fostering flexibility and openness in systems, allowing for greater adaptability and creativity. It also highlights the responsibility of individuals to consider the consequences of their actions within the systems they are a part of, reinforcing the idea that we are active participants in shaping our realities.

Legacy and impact

Heinz von Foerster’s constructivist approach continues to influence a wide range of fields, from education to management. His work invites us to reconsider the nature of reality, knowledge, and communication, encouraging a more reflexive and participatory approach to systems thinking. By placing the observer at the heart of the system, von Foerster’s ideas challenge us to acknowledge our role in creating the worlds we inhabit and to take responsibility for the ethical implications of our actions.

References

  • Ramage, M., & Shipp, K. (2020). Systems Thinkers (2nd ed.). The Open University and Springer.
  • Wikipedia contributors. (2024). Heinz von Foerster. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 14, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster

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TB871: “The Systems Approach is Not a Bad Idea”: the ethical and philosophical legacy of C. West Churchman

Posted on by Doug Belshaw

Note: this is a post reflecting on one of the modules of my MSc in Systems Thinking in Practice. You can see all of the related posts in this category. 

An abstract image that represents the concept of systems thinking and ethical considerations. It visualises interconnected systems, layers of abstraction, and design boundaries.

C. West Churchman (1913-2004) was a key figure in the development of systems thinking, particularly during his tenure at the University of California, Berkeley. His work emphasised the necessity of integrating values and ethics into systems approaches, challenging the field to consider the broader consequences of decisions rather than focusing solely on technical solutions.

Values and ethics in Systems Thinking

Churchman’s philosophy rests on the belief that systems design should not be driven solely by efficiency or technical precision. He argued that systems thinking must incorporate ethical considerations, ensuring that the outcomes benefit society at large and do not cause harm. He critiqued approaches that ignored the human and environmental impact of systems, stressing that a purely technical focus could lead to solutions that, while functional, might be ethically questionable. Churchman’s focus on values is explored extensively in Systems Thinkers (pp. 131-139).

The concept of ‘wicked problems’

Churchman is also known for coining the term “wicked problems,” which describes issues that are complex, multifaceted, and resistant to straightforward solutions. These problems are characterised by their lack of clear definitions, their interdependencies, and the difficulty in finding a resolution that satisfies all stakeholders. For Churchman, tackling wicked problems required a deep engagement with the underlying values at play, as well as an understanding that solutions might create new challenges or exacerbate existing ones. (Ramage & Shipp, 2020, p. 134).

“The Systems Approach is not a bad idea”

Churchman’s famous remark, “the systems approach is not a bad idea,” reflects his cautious optimism about the potential of systems thinking. He saw it as a valuable tool for addressing complex issues but was keenly aware of its limitations. In The Systems Approach (1968), he stated, “however a systems problem is solved—by planner, scientist, politician, anti-planner, or whomever—the solution is wrong, even dangerously wrong” (p. 32). This highlights his view that every solution, regardless of how well-intentioned, carries risks and unintended consequences. Churchman believed that while systems thinking could offer valuable insights, it must be applied with an awareness of its inherent limitations and the ethical dilemmas it might create.

Churchman’s emphasis on values and ethics directly influenced the development of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), particularly in its approach to handling complex, human-centred problems. SSM, pioneered by Peter Checkland, incorporates many of Churchman’s ideas, especially the importance of considering multiple perspectives and the ethical dimensions of systems. SSM’s focus on exploring different viewpoints and understanding the subjective nature of problem situations can be seen as a practical application of Churchman’s broader philosophical concerns. His balanced perspective reminds us that systems thinking is not a panacea and must be applied thoughtfully and critically.

The architect and boundary judgements

In his book The Design of Inquiring Systems, Churchman provides a useful example involving an architect tasked with designing a house. This example illustrates the importance of drawing boundaries and working at different levels of abstraction:

Narrowly, he may think of a particular instance of a design as the specification of a physical house, designated by a complete set of architectural drawings and specifications. In this case, the components may be the rooms, and the relations between the components may be the geometrical scheme of the house in three-dimensional space. But the architect may ask himself a broader question: whether the house is not a component of a larger system, consisting of the family (or its activities) and the house. When he does ask himself this question, he may wonder whether his design task should include the design of a part of the family’s activities. For example, he may wonder whether he can change the family’s typical way of using the kitchen facilities. Still more broadly, he may ask whether the house plus family is not a component of an urban social system, and whether he ought not to consider alternative designs of this entire community. If he perceives his task in the narrowest sense, then he tells himself that the larger system is not his concern; how the family behaves is entirely up to them, or how the community is planned is entirely up to the planners and politicians. In such a case, he believes that the maximum size of the system is the house (plus, say, its location on the land). He may believe that there is a larger system that may concern some other designer; such a larger system may be the city in which the house is to be placed. But as far as he is concerned, larger systems are not relevant to the effectiveness of his choices. (Churchman, 1971)

Churchman used this scenario to highlight how decisions about boundaries shape the final outcome and how important it is to consider these decisions at multiple levels of analysis. This example is a good example of his belief that systems thinking requires careful consideration of the ethical and practical implications of our choices.

Conclusion

Churchman’s legacy in systems thinking is deeply rooted in his commitment to ethics and his recognition of the complexities involved in addressing real-world problems. His contributions continue to influence how we approach and solve difficult issues, reminding us to integrate ethical considerations into our decision-making processes. As we face increasingly complex challenges, Churchman’s ideas about the role of values and the nature of wicked problems offer valuable guidance for anyone engaged in the design and implementation of systems.

References

  • Checkland, P. (1981). Systems thinking, systems practice. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Churchman, C. W. (1971). The design of inquiring systems: Basic concepts of systems and organization. Basic Books.
  • Churchman, C. W. (1968). The systems approach. Dell Publishing.
  • Ramage, M., & Shipp, K. (2020). Systems thinkers (2nd ed.). Springer.

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